# gsw_C_from_SP

    conductivity from Practical Salinity

## Contents

- USAGE:
- DESCRIPTION:
- INPUT:
- OUTPUT:
- EXAMPLE:
- AUTHOR:
- VERSION NUMBER:
- REFERENCES:

## USAGE:

    C = gsw_C_from_SP(SP,t,p)

## DESCRIPTION:

    Calculates conductivity, C, from (SP,t,p) using PSS-78 in the range
    2 < SP < 42.  If the input Practical Salinity is less than 2 then a
    modified form of the Hill et al. (1986) fomula is used for Practical
    Salinity.  The modification of the Hill et al. (1986) expression is to
    ensure that it is exactly consistent with PSS-78 at SP = 2.

    The conductivity ratio returned by this function is consistent with the
    input value of Practical Salinity, SP, to 2x10^-14 psu over the full
    range of input parameters (from pure fresh water up to SP = 42 psu).
    This error of 2x10^-14 psu is machine precision at typical seawater
    salinities.  This accuracy is achieved by having four different
    polynomials for the starting value of Rtx (the square root of Rt) in
    four different ranges of SP, and by using one and a half iterations of
    a computationally efficient modified Newton-Raphson technique to find
    the root of the equation.

    Note that strictly speaking PSS-78 (Unesco, 1983) defines Practical
    Salinity in terms of the conductivity ratio, R, without actually
    specifying the value of C(35,15,0) (which we currently take to be
    42.9140 mS/cm).

    Click for a more detailed description of calculating the
    conductivity, C, from Practical Salinity.

## INPUT:

    SP  =  Practical Salinity  (PSS-78)                         [ unitless ]
    t   =  in-situ temperature (ITS-90)                            [ deg C ]
    p   =  sea pressure                                             [ dbar ]
           (ie. absolute pressure - 10.1325 dbar)

    SP & t need to have the same dimensions.
    p may have dimensions 1x1 or Mx1 or 1xN or MxN, where SP & t are MxN.

## OUTPUT:

    C   =  conductivity                                            [ mS/cm ]

## EXAMPLE:

    SP = [34.5487; 34.7275; 34.8605; 34.6810; 34.5680; 34.5600;]
    t =  [28.7856; 28.4329; 22.8103; 10.2600;  6.8863;  4.4036;]
    p =  [     10;      50;     125;     250;     600;    1000;]

    C = gsw_C_from_SP(SP,t,p)

    C =

      56.412599581571186
      56.316185602699953
      50.670369333973944
      38.134518936104350
      35.056577637635257
      32.986550607990118

## AUTHOR:

    Trevor McDougall, Paul Barker and Rich Pawlowicz     [ help@teos-10.org ]

## VERSION NUMBER:

    3.01 (16th May, 2011)

## REFERENCES:

    Hill, K.D., T.M. Dauphinee and D.J. Woods, 1986: The extension of the
     Practical Salinity Scale 1978 to low salinities. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.,
     OE-11, 1, 109 - 112.

    IOC, SCOR and IAPSO, 2010: The international thermodynamic equation of
     seawater - 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties.
     Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. 56,
     UNESCO (English), 196 pp.  Available from the TEOS-10 web site.
      See appendix E of this TEOS-10 Manual.

    Unesco, 1983: Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of
     seawater. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, 44, 53 pp.

    The software is available from http://www.TEOS-10.org